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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , two additional developments enforced the hierarchy. First, the definition of a transparent class of ‘fine arts’ cut up aesthetic creativity away from the mere craft expertise of the mechanical arts. Second, the relationship of ‘science’ to trade was subject to appreciable boundary work as scientists and engineers professionalized. For engineers, especially American engineers, ‘applied science’, together with its greater status, could possibly be claimed as their own autonomous physique of data. For scientists, such as John Tyndall and Henry Rowland, ‘applied science’ was the appliance of pure science, a transfer that reserved the autonomy of their very own science whereas additionally claiming ‘credit for modern wonders of the economic age’ (p. 64). As Schatzberg notes, after 1850 the frequency of use of the time period ‘mechanical arts’ dropped as ‘applied science’ elevated. It is the essential source of data and concepts that make sens...